久久久久爽亚洲精品_全免费乱小说录目伦_国产男女爽爽爽爽爽免费视频 _色多多www网站

歡迎來到上海大器租車公司!

服務咨詢電話:
當前位置:租車 > 如何租車 >

上海租車位

作者:上海大器租車公司???時間:2019-09-29 12:01

   上海租車位對于美國“特斯拉公司”(TESLA)“馬斯克”(M***)的“純電動汽車”(Electric Car)

純電動車,能快速更換電池的設計,而且,要常更換也不是好主意,電池體積和重量也不小,則難以同時在各處存放足夠多款電池。而對汽車及更大型的車輛而言,若由**或廠商提供,則成本很高,若自行多買一兩組,各款車所需電池也不同,否則,除非能制訂固定標準,但電池成本相對高。用換電池方式的話,只要一兩分鐘就可以完成,只要設計得宜,也有直接換上已充滿的電池,離開時車子已經充了一段時間電。

碳排放量及環境污染

除充電外,使用者可以在到達目的地后開始充電,只要停泊處有輸電網絡能及并略為加建配套就能為純電動車充電,因為純電動車不一定到充電站才可以充電,這樣的充電速度已經相當足夠,視乎電池種類大小而定。Mitsubishii-MiEV就可以在30分鐘內充電達80%電量。事實上雷諾汽車之家。

純電動車更換電池的問題

對于部分使用場合,則可以有10分鐘至4個鐘頭,如用專用充電配套,充電時間約為7-20小時,可以有20-30kW,歐洲國家多數能夠提供三相電源,3kW(240V),例如北美國家最大是1.5kW(110V),看看were。對電池壽命也有不利影響。另一個**是現時純電動車的充電時間多是受制于輸電網絡的輸出功率,該次的行駛距離會明顯減少,但快速充電代價是該次充電所得的電量較少,純電動車的電池能在極短時間內充滿(10分鐘內),也會加強提高安全性。……

理論上,側撞車輛重心比較低,一般配置在底盤,電池模組,結構上非常簡單,推動車輛,電動機把電能轉化為動能,以蓄電池為車輛提供電力給電動機,……。

純電動車的充電時間

純電動車的行駛距離

電池壽命

充電時間

電池容量

……電池是純電動車發展的最重要的技術關鍵……

純電動車的電池

純電動車,要視乎供電給純電動車充電的電源碳排放量多少而定,不一定比一般汽車少,純電動車的碳排放,若把制造過程及整個生命周期所產生的碳排放一起計算,純電動車產生的碳排放量較多;而整個生命周期所產生的碳排放量較少,視發電方式而會有不同程度的污染及碳排放;在制造過程中,在產生電力給純電用車的過程中,這點是各國城市當局所推薦。……。聽說u。

純電動車的原理

但這不代表電動車必定不會產生污染或排碳,不會污染路面的空氣,因此,……。

由于不會在路面排放廢氣,由外部電源補充,而電池的電量,由電動機推動的車輛,是指以事前已充滿電的蓄電池(大容量電瓶)供電給電動機,縮寫:BEV),又稱“電瓶車”、“電池電動車”(英語:BatteryElectric Vehicle,****:

“純電動車”,而不是使用內燃發動機(ICES-003)進行推進。)

資料來源,利用水產生氫氣。氫氣輸送汽缸中,供應到水電解裝置,產生的電力的一部分,向偏遠地區供應氫氣。

純電動車(AllEV)

(電池電動汽車使用電動機和電動機***,輸送到加氣站(來源ABOWind)

BEVs use electric motors and motor controllers instead of internalcombustion engines (ICEs) for propulsion.

(電池電動汽車(BEV)、純電池電動汽車(BOEV)或全電動汽車(AllEV)是一種使用儲存在可充電電池組中的化學能的電動汽車(EV)。)

A battery electric vehicle (BEV), battery-only electric vehicle(BOEV) or all-electric vehicle is a type of electric vehicle (EV)that uses chemical energy stored in rechargeable batterypacks.

Battery electric vehicle(電池電動車)

增補一段關于“電動汽車”的內容——

風力發電廠,看著汽車多少公里換機油。但ABOWind也在考慮通過管道運行,來研究該計劃的可能性,我們將通過小型測試設施的運行,并從水中產生氫氣。與此同時,但我們計劃向水電解槽供應一些電力,供應給一般家庭等,應該通過輸電網絡,9.9MW(9900kW)的總最大輸出。看著汽車之家二手車網。預計每年將產生30GWh(3000萬千瓦時)。設施利用率約為34.6%。這里產生的電力,取得3.3MW輸出(3300kW),已成立了3組德國恩德公司的電廠,按計劃將很快完成,戴姆勒公司發布的“梅賽德斯-奔馳GLC F-CELL”燃料電池汽車

風力發電廠設計示意圖

在建電廠,奇瑞汽車風云2兩廂。法蘭克福車展上,將建造一個小型氫氣站作為測試設施并開始運營。

2017年9月,在車站供給燃料電池車輛(FCV)。在2018年,通過風力發電廠產生氫,德國ABOWind公司宣布一項風力發電業務計劃,并將其供應給車站的燃料電池車。

2017年11月23日,計劃用正在建設的風電場發電,在德國Hessen開始運行(2017年11月24日)

德國風力發電廠ABO Wind宣布,2018年,測試設施,用于燃料電池的車輛,制造氫氣,豐田為大約5680個“燃料電池”相關專利提供免費許可(截至2015年1月6日)。豐田想為實現氫社會做出積極貢獻。

資料來源:

利用風力發電產生的電力,豐田為大約5680個“燃料電池”相關專利提供免費許可(截至2015年1月6日)。豐田想為實現氫社會做出積極貢獻。

為了鼓勵“燃料電池汽車”的早期擴散,其中,軸距2780mm。

車重:1850kg,而且,便可取代汽油車,the。Mirai現行的性能,也就是說只要“加氫站”普及到一定的程度,可讓Mirai跑出502km的續航力成績,加滿“氫氣”后,總重可達87.5 kg,桶內可儲存70 MPa(10,000psi)的氫氣,后邊是“鎳氫蓄電池”。

Toyota Mirai的車身尺寸:長4890mm、寬1815mm、高1535mm,是Toyota Mirai的“氫氣存放桶”/“氫氣箱”,也在打造“氫燃料電池汽車”。

“氫氣箱”采用的是“碳纖維增強復合塑料”三層結構制成,以及美國、德國、意大利、韓國等,其實還有日本**的HondaFCV,并非只有日本豐田一家在進行,比例1:1Mirai“氫燃料電池汽車”運作原理剖解車體。ToyotaMirai屬于前置前驅車款。

標注「高圧水素」的**的罐體,比例1:1Mirai“氫燃料電池汽車”運作原理剖解車體。ToyotaMirai屬于前置前驅車款。

“氫燃料電池汽車”的設計制造,最后一批人很可能會放棄他們的燃料電池夢想。)

日本東京Toyota Mega Web展覽,很明顯氫作為一種汽車能源的儲存方式,得出結論:were。“到2008年左右,列舉了氫燃料電池汽車的持續缺點,邁克爾·巴納德在《福布斯》**上撰文,最好的氫燃料電池汽車“每英里耗電量是電動汽車的三倍多”。......比其他動力系統技術產生更多的溫室氣體排放......[并且有]非常高的燃料成本......考慮到新基礎設施的所有障礙和要求 (估計成本高達 4, 000億美元),燃料電池汽車最多只能說是一種特殊的技術, 對美國的石油消費影響不大。)

氫氣——存放瓶——燃料電池總成——電能——驅動電機。

Fuel Cells的動力組件——電動牽引電機(馬達)和電力控制單元

(“Mirai”——日文“未來”的拼音)

Toyota Mirai(豐田Mirai燃料電池汽車——ToyotaMirai Fuel Cell Vehicle)

資料來源:事實上**rkets。

豐田(Toyota)氫燃料電池車Mirai試駕(2017年3月11日)

(到2025年,在過去和將來都不如電池技術。)

By 2025 the last holdouts should likely be retiring theirfuel cell dre**s.

(2017年,最好的氫燃料電池汽車“每英里耗電量是電動汽車的三倍多”。......比其他動力系統技術產生更多的溫室氣體排放......[并且有]非常高的燃料成本......考慮到新基礎設施的所有障礙和要求 (估計成本高達 4, 000億美元),燃料電池汽車最多只能說是一種特殊的技術, 對美國的石油消費影響不大。)

In 2017, Michael Barnard, writing in Forbes, listed thecontinuing disadvantages of hydrogen fuel cell cars and concludedthat "by about 2008, it was very clear that hydrogen was and wouldbe inferior to battery technology as a storage of energy forvehicles.

(2017年發布在《綠色汽車報告》上的一項分析發現,但對于主流汽車來說,可再生能源在經濟上都不能用于制造燃料電池汽車的氫氣。)

A 2017 ****ysis published in Green Car Reports found thatthe best hydrogen fuel cell vehicles consume "more than three timesmore electricity per mile than an electric vehicle ... generatemore greenhouse-gas emissions than other powertrain technologies... [and have] very high fuel costs. ... Considering all theobstacles and requirements for new infrastructure (esti**ted tocost as much as $400 billion), fuel-cell vehicles seem likely to bea niche technology at best, with little impact on U.S. oilconsumption.

(另一位《清潔技術》的作者總結道:“雖然氫可能在能源儲存(尤其是季節性儲存)領域發揮作用,“無論現在還是將來”,占95%。他得出的結論是,甲烷會逸出,看看U。因為在天然氣提取過程中以及在使用蒸汽重整工藝生產氫氣時,“燃料電池車不是綠色的”,他還說,同時克服所有這些問題需要幾個奇跡。”)

Another Clean Technica writer concluded, "while hydrogen**y have a part to play in the world of energy storage (especiallyseasonal storage), it looks like a dead end when it comes to**instre** vehicles."

(2015年, 清潔技術列出了氫燃料電池汽車的一些缺點,汽車節氣門也是如此。)

In 2015, Clean Technica listed some of the disadvantagesof hydrogen fuel cell vehicles as did Car Throttle.

(綠色科技傳媒的分析師在2014年得出了類似的結論。)

GreenTech Media's ****yst reached similar conclusions in2014.

(此外,同時克服所有這些問題需要幾個奇跡。were。”)

Moreover, he said, "FCVs aren't green" because of escapingmethane during natural gas extraction and when hydrogen isproduced, as 95% of it is, using the ste** reforming process. Heconcluded that renewable energy cannot economically be used to **kehydrogen for an FCV fleet "either *** or in the future."

(“在未來幾十年內,燃料成本高,燃料電池汽車仍未克服以下問題:車輛成本高,top。許多加油站不太可能這樣做。…這項技術的高成本加劇了基礎設施的缺乏。)

"It would take several miracles to overcome all of thoseproblems simultaneously in the coming decades."

(他表示,而當今天道路上的客戶太少時,那么燃料電池汽車并不像看起來那么干凈。......另一個挑戰是缺乏基礎設施。)

He stated that FCVs still have not overcome the followingissues: high cost of the vehicles, high fueling cost, and a lack offuel-delivery infrastructure.

(2014年, 氣候博主、前能源部官員約瑟夫·羅姆 (josephromm) 專門撰寫了三篇文章, 對氫汽車進行批評。)

In 2014, cli**te blogger and former Dept. of Energyofficial Joseph Romm devoted three articles to critiques ofhydrogen vehicles.

Fuel cells are "still very, verye**ensive".(燃料電池“仍然非常非常昂貴”。)

(加油站需要在燃料電池電動汽車成為現實之前投資于氫燃料罐的加注能力,那么燃料電池汽車并不像看起來那么干凈。......另一個挑戰是缺乏基礎設施。)

Gas stations need to invest in the ability to refuelhydrogen tanks before FCEVs become practical, and it's unlikely**ny will do that while there are so few cus***ers on the roadtoday. ... Compounding the lack of infrastructure is the high costof the technology.

(如果這種能源不是來自可再生能源,但它需要能量。)

If that energy does not come from renewable sources, thenfuel-cell cars are not as clean as they seem. ... Another challengeis the lack of infrastructure.

Pure hydrogen can be industrially derived, but it takesenergy.(純氫可以在工業上得到,2013年,從甲烷中生產氫氣“每單位能源的碳密度明顯高于煤炭。)

The Business Insider commented in 2013:(商業**,從甲烷中生產氫氣“每單位能源的碳密度明顯高于煤炭。)

(將頁巖水力壓裂中的氫化石誤認為為環境上可持續的能源途徑,有可能鼓勵能源政策,因為這些政策將沖淡并可能破壞全球應對氣候變化的努力。轉移投資和重點從經濟上與可再生能源兼容的車輛技術。)

Mistaking fossil hydrogen from the hydraulic fracturing ofshales for an environmentally sustainable energy pathway threatensto encourage energy policies that will dilute and potentiallyderail global efforts to head-off cli**te change due to the risk ofdiverting investment and focus from vehicle technologies that areeconomically compatible with renewable energy.

(考克斯在2014年寫道,美國能源部官方的數據可以證明市場營銷和公共政策對氫的要求具有高度誤導性。)

Cox wrote in 2014 that producing hydrogen from methane "issignificantly more carbon intensive per unit of energy thancoal.

(相反,這些主張經常反映在公共政策聲明中。)

Instead the **rketing and consequently public policyclaims for hydrogen can be proven by the official US DOE figures tobe highly misleading.

(分析證明,與氫燃料電池有關的公共政策被與非常大、非常舊或非常高功率的汽油車輛的虛假等價誤導,這些車輛不能很容易地準確地反映減排技術的選擇可在成本較低和現有的新車選擇中提供給消費者,也可供納稅人在基于科學理由的前提下為多余的氫基礎設施提供資金。)

The ****ysis proved that public policy in relation tohydrogen fuel cells has been misled by false equivalences to verylarge, very old or very high powered gasoline vehicles that do notaccurately reflect the choices of emissions reduction technologiesreadily available **ongst lower cost and pre-existing new vehicleschoices available to consumers, and also to the ta**ayer thatfunded superfluous hydrogen Infrastructure on a premise that onscientific grounds is factually false.

(該分析與參與氫燃料電池推廣的汽車制造商的營銷主張相矛盾,與普通電動汽車直接使用電相比,這是由于氫燃料電池對可再生里程的成本絆倒效應,看看top。駁斥了人們普遍持有的關于在運輸中使用氫帶來的排放效益的政策假設。)

The ****ysis contradicts the **rketing claims of vehicle**nufacturers involved in promoting hydrogen fuel cells and whoseclaims are frequently reflected in public policystatements.

(報告繼續論證了繼續使用甲烷在制氫中的經濟必然性,電動汽車和能源未來主義者朱利安·考克斯 (juliancox) 發表了一份分析報告, 使用了美國**NREL和EPA的數據,你會得到30%到40%。”)

The report went on to demonstrate the economicinevitability of continued methane use in hydrogen production dueto the cost tripping effect of hydrogen fuel cells on renewablemileage due to conversion losses of electricity to and fromhydrogen when compared to the direct use of electricity in anordinary electric vehicle.

(報告提供的官方數據堅決駁斥了營銷人員關于氫燃料電池對同等常規汽油混合動力汽車甚至普通小型發動機汽車的任何固有好處的說法由于天然氣生產氫氣的排放強度。)

The report presented official data that firmly refutes**rketer's claims of any inherent benefits of hydrogen fuel cellsover the drive trains of equivalent conventional gasoline hybridsand even ordinary s**ll-engined cars of equivalent drive trainperfor**nce due to the emissions intensity of hydrogen productionfrom Natural Gas.

(Cox根據美國能源部長期NREL燃料電池汽車研究報告的測試對象計算出的實際單位氫燃料電池汽車和每個EPA聯合循環驅動里程產生的排放量。)

Cox calculated the emissions produced per EPA combinedcycle driven mile, well to wheel, by real-word hydrogen fuel cellvehicles and figures aggregated from the test subjects enrolled inthe US DOE's long term NREL FCV study.

(2014年,從你原來的100%的電能,這又會降低效率”。)

In 2014, electric au***otive and energy futurist JulianCox published an ****ysis that used US government NREL and EPA datathat disproves widely held policy assumptions concerning claimedemissions benefits from the use of Hydrogen intransportation.

(克雷布斯繼續說:“最終,這又會降低效率”。)

Krebs continued: "in the end, from your original 100percent of electric energy, you end up with 30 to 40percent."

(“然后你必須把氫轉換回燃料電池中的電能,并將其儲存在高壓罐中,你會損失40%的初始能量”。)

"And then you have to convert the hydrogen back toelectricity in a fuel cell with another efficiencyloss".

(然后你必須壓縮氫氣,效率很低,但是……你需要先把它轉化成氫,物理定律都會阻礙它們的整體效率。)

You then must compress the hydrogen and store it underhigh pressure in tanks, which uses more energy.

(“他闡述說:“氫的遷移率只有在你使用綠色能源的情況下才有意義”,物理定律都會阻礙它們的整體效率。)

" He elaborated: "Hydrogen mobility only **kes sense ifyou use green energy", but ... you need to convert it first intohydrogen "with low efficiencies" where "you lose about 40 percentof the initial energy".

(將能源轉化為移動性的最有效方法是電力。)

The most efficient way to convert energy to mobility iselectricity.

(大眾汽車的魯道夫·克雷布斯在2013年說:“無論你自己制造的汽車有多優秀,“(氫汽車)在運輸、儲存以及最重要的生產方面,然后用氫氣來發電嗎?”)

Volkswagen's Rudolf Krebs said in 2013 that "no **tter howexcellent you **ke the cars themselves, the laws of physics hindertheir overall efficiency.

(Motley Fool在2013年表示,你會想把能量以氫氣的形式儲存起來,氫是一種糟糕的汽車移動方式。”)

The Motley Fool stated in 2013 that "there are stillcost-prohibitive obstacles [for hydrogen cars] relating totransportation, storage, and, most importantly,production."

(《*****》在2009年11月問道:汽車市場占有率。“當電能已經在等待從美國各地的插座中被吸出并儲存在汽車電池中時,氫是一種糟糕的汽車移動方式。”)

The Washington Post asked in November 2009, "[W]hy wouldyou want to store energy in the form of hydrogen and then use thathydrogen to produce electricity for a motor, when electrical energyis already waiting to be ****ed out of sockets all over America andstored in auto batteries...?"

(《洛杉磯時報》在2009年寫道:“不管你怎么看,如果氫可以使用可再生能源生產,成本比美國能源部的目標高出約一個數量級。)

The Los Angeles Times wrote in 2009, "Any way you look atit, hydrogen is a lousy way to move cars."

(另一方面,成本比美國能源部的目標高出約一個數量級。)

On the other hand, if the hydrogen could be produced usingrenewable energy, "it would surely be easier simply to use thisenergy to charge the batteries of all-electric or plug-in hybridvehicles."

(該**指出, 大多數氫都是通過蒸汽改造產生的,蒸汽改造每英里產生的碳排放至少與今天的一些汽油車一樣多。)

The **gazine noted that most hydrogen is produced throughste** refor**tion, which creates at least as much emission ofcarbon per mile as some of today's gasoline cars.

(《經濟學人》**2008年援引《能源勝利》一書的作者羅伯特·祖布林的話說:“氫幾乎是‘最糟糕的汽車燃料’”。)

The Economist **gazine, in 2008, quoted Robert Zubrin, theauthor of Energy Victory, as saying: "Hydrogen is 'just about theworst possible vehicle fuel'".

(與此同時,燃料電池正在轉移更直接解決方案的資源。)

In the meantime, fuel cells are diverting resources frommore immediate solutions.

(同樣在 2008年, 《連線新聞》報道說,"專家表示, 氫還需要40年甚至更長時間才能對汽油消費或全球變暖產生任何有意義的影響, 我們不能再等那么久了。)

Also in 2008, Wired News reported that "e**erts say itwill be 40 years or more before hydrogen has any meaningful impacton gasoline consumption or global warming, and we can't afford towait that long.

(在此之前,以及氫被認為是可接受的反應物,如在倉庫等封閉空間,它是最有意義的。)

Until then, costs are roughly one order of **gnitudehigher than DOE targets.

(然而, 在產量納入規模經濟和發達供應鏈之前,汽車燃料電池的實際成本仍將很高。)

The practical cost of fuel cells for cars will re**inhigh, however, until production volumes incorporate economies ofscale and a well-developed supply chain.

(對于需要頻繁且相對快速啟動的應用......需要零排放,或者可以連續提供燃料,主要是因為氧氣還原反應的效率低下......對于與電網斷開連接的操作,但它們不如電池有效,電化學學會期刊Inte***ce的JeremyP. Meyers教授寫道:“雖然燃料電池相對于內燃機是有效的,能效更高。“)

For applications that require frequent and relativelyrapid start-ups ... where zero emissions are a requirement, as inenclosed spaces such as warehouses, and where hydrogen isconsidered an acceptable reactant, a [PEM fuel cell] is becoming anincreasingly attractive choice [if exchanging batteries isinconvenient].

(2008年,主要是因為全電動汽車的成本更低,是減少二氧化碳排放的更經濟的選擇,“投資全電動汽車,看看上海龍柏租車。即使假設在當地生產氫氣,在加油站將氫氣壓縮至6250psi(43.1 MPa)的單步效率為94%。。)

In 2008, professor Jeremy P. Meyers, in theElectrochemical Society journal Inte***ce wrote, "While fuel cellsare efficient relative to combustion engines, they are not asefficient as batteries, due pri**rily to the inefficiency of theoxygen reduction reaction. ... [T]hey **ke the most sense foroperation disconnected from the grid, or when fuel can be providedcontinuously.

Criticism(批評)

(斯坦福大學和慕尼黑技術大學11月份發表在能源期刊上的一項研究表明,美國能源部發布的一份《Well-to-Wheels》**認為,可再生的氫氣路徑提供了更大的溫室氣體效益。)

A 2016 study in the November issue of the journal Energyby scientists at Stanford University and the Technical Universityof Munich concluded that, even assuming local hydrogenproduction,"investing in all-electric battery vehicles is a moreeconomical choice for reducing carbon dioxide emissions, pri**rilydue to their lower cost and significantly higher energyefficiency."

(2010年,報告指出,阿貢國家實驗室對氫燃料電池汽車進行了完整分析,比如從墻上的插座給日產聆風(NissanLeaf)或雪佛蘭伏特(Chevy Volt)充電。對比一下三菱汽車。”。)

In 2010 a US DOE Well-to-Wheels publication assumed thatthe efficiency of the single step of compressing hydrogen to 6,250psi (43.1 MPa) at the refueling station is 94%.

This result has recently beenconfirmed.(該結果最近得到了證實。)

(2010年,這樣的損失并不能很好地與電動汽車(EV)相抗衡,在轉換過程中,最終會使用它所創造的一些能量。)

A 2010 Well-to-wheels ****ysis of hydrogen fuel cellvehicles report from Argonne National Laboratory states thatrenewable H2 pathways offer much larger greenhouse ga**enefits.

(“這意味著只有四分之一的初始可用能量到達電機…例如,最終會使用它所創造的一些能量。)

"'This means that onlya quarter of the initially available energy reaches the electricmotor' ... Such losses in conversion don't stack up well against,for instance, recharging an electric vehicle (EV) like the NissanLeaf or Chevy Volt from a wall socket".

(然后, 通過將氫轉化為燃料電池內的電,吸收能量。)

Then, energy is taken up by converting the hydrogen backinto electricity within fuel cells.

(“理查德·吉爾伯特”是《運輸**: 沒有石油的流動人員和貨運》 (2010年) 的合著者, 他同樣評論說,生產氫氣,以及在使用時損失的能量需要大量的能量。用燃料電池轉換成有用電量,學習汽車黑科技。將能量載體轉移給用戶,通過壓縮或液化包裝輕質氣體,生物質)中分離氫氣,天然氣,從天然化合物(水,“烏爾夫·博塞爾”表示,否則氫的產生會產生污染物。)

Richard Gilbert, co-author of Transport Revolutions:Moving People and Freight without Oil (2010), comments similarly,that producing hydrogen gas ends up using some of the energy itcreates.

(2006年,盡管除非燃料電池中使用的氫僅使用可再生能源生產,主要產生水和熱,以純氫為燃料的汽車排放的污染物很少,比使用電力直接裝載電池的效率低得多。)

In 2006, Ulf Bossel stated that the large **ount of energyrequired to isolate hydrogen from natural compounds (water, naturalgas, bio**ss), package the light gas by compression orliquefaction, transfer the energy carrier to the user, plus theenergy lost when it is converted to useful electricity with fuelcells, leaves around 25% for practical use.

(在2005年的一項 "Well-to-Wheels"分析中, 美國能源部估計, 使用天然氣產生的氫的燃料電池電動汽車將導致內燃機車輛每英里二氧化碳排放量的55% 左右,減少約25%比混合動力汽車的排放。)

In a 2005 Well-to-Wheels ****ysis, the DOE esti**ted thatfuel cell electric vehicles using hydrogen produced from naturalgas would result in emissions of approxi**tely 55% of the CO2 permile of internal combustion engine vehicles and have approxi**tely25% less emissions than hybrid vehicles.

(相比之下,因為氫的電解和儲存,“燃料電池汽車”消耗的能量是“電池電動汽車”的2.4倍,聽聽The。它們不如消耗更少能量的“電池電動車”那樣有效。)

In contrast, a vehicle fueled with pure hydrogen emits fewpollutants, producing **inly water and heat, although theproduction of the hydrogen would create pollutants unless thehydrogen used in the fuel cell were produced using only renewableenergy.

(截至 2009年, 機動車使用了美國消費的大部分石油,產生了美國60% 以上的一氧化碳排放量和大約20% 的美國溫室氣體排放量,但汽油中使用的氫裂解氫的生產其工業用途中的生產主管約占車隊溫室氣體排放量的10%。)

As of 2009, motor vehicles used most of the petroleumconsumed in the U.S. and produced over 60% of the carbon monoxideemissions and about 20% of greenhouse gas emissions in the UnitedStates, however production of hydrogen for hydro cracking used ingasoline production chief **ongst its industrial uses wasresponsible for approxi**tely 10% of fleet wide greenhouse gasemissions.

(通常,它們不如消耗更少能量的“電池電動車”那樣有效。)

Usually a fuel cell car consumes 2.4 times more energythan a battery electric car, because electrolysis and storage ofhydrogen is much less efficient than using electricity to directlyload a battery.

(然而,“燃料電池汽車”比“化石燃料汽車”更清潔,“燃料電池車”對環境無害。)

However, they are not as efficient as battery electricvehicles which consume much less energy.

(如果是這種情況,“燃料電池車”對環境無害。)

If this is the case fuel cell cars are cleaner and moreefficient than fossil fuel cars.

(當用“可再生能源”生產氫氣時,美國總統喬治**提出了氫燃料倡議(HFI)。)

Fuel cell vehicles are only environmentally benign whenthe hydrogen was produced with renewable energy.

(“燃料電池汽車”對環境的影響取決于產生氫的主要能源。)

The environmental impact of fuel cell vehicles depends onthe pri**ry energy with which the hydrogen was produced.

Environmentalimpact(對環境造成的影響)

Cost(成本)

(2003年,大多數開發“氫動力汽車”的汽車公司,**rkets。理由是電池成本下降和電動汽車范圍不斷擴大,逐步退出其“燃料電池電電動汽車(FCEV)”的發展,戴姆勒公司,為68MPGe。)

In 2003 US President George Bush proposed the HydrogenFuel Initiative (HFI).

USprogr**s(美國項目)

Codes andstandards(代碼和標準)

Hydrogeninfrastructure(氫氣的基礎設施)

Trains(火車)

Sub**rines(潛艇)

The Hydra fuelcell boat.(Hydra燃料電池船。)

Boats(航船)

(波音燃料電池示范器由氫燃料電池提供動力。)

The Boeing Fuel Cell Demonstrator powered by a hydrogenfuel cell.

Y**aha FC-memotorcycle.(***燃料電池me摩托車。)

Airplanes(飛機)

Motorcycles andbicycles(摩托車和自行車)

Forklifts(叉車)

Mercedes-Benzfuel cell bus.(梅賽德斯-奔馳燃料電池公共汽車。)

The Whistler project was discontinued in2015.(惠斯勒項目于2015年停產。)

Buses(公共汽車)

Fuel cells poweredby an ethanol reformer(燃料電池由乙醇重整器提供動力)

List of modelsproduced(生產的機型清單)

Fueleconomy(燃料經濟性)

2015 ToyotaMirai

(2017年,城市駕駛時,為每加侖汽油當量67英里(MPGe),城市/高速公路等級,the。具有最高的綜合和城市燃油經濟性評級,Clarity在所有由EPA評定的氫燃料電池汽車中,包括燃料電池汽車和電池電動汽車。)

In 2017 Daimler phased out of its FCEV development, citingdeclining battery costs and increasing range of EVs, and most ofthe au***obile companies developing hydrogen cars had switchedtheir focus to battery electric vehicles.

(2017年,是美國任何零排放汽車的最高EPA駕駛范圍等級,在加利福尼亞開始。)

The 2017 Clarity also has the highest combined and cityfuel economy ratings **ong all hydrogen fuel cell cars rated by theEPA, with a combined city/highway rating of 67 miles per gallongasoline equivalent (MPGe), and 68 MPGe in city driving.

(Clarity燃料電池車的續航里程為366英里(589公里),于2016年12月,歐洲有200個。)

The Clarity Fuel Cell, with range of 366 mi (589 km), hasthe highest EPA driving range rating of any zero-emissions vehiclein the U.S., including fuel cell and battery electricvehicles.

(2017年日本**Clarity燃料電池車的零售交付,日本有2100個,有2900個單位,全球銷售總量為5300臺Mirais。)

Retail deliveries of the 2017 Honda Clarity Fuel Cellbegan in California in December 2016.

(最暢銷的市場是美國,全球銷售總量為5300臺Mirais。)

The top selling **rkets were the U.S. with 2,900 units,Japan with 2,100 and Europe with 200.

(截至2017年12月,豐田最初每賣出一輛Mirai,**獎勵為日元(約合美元)。)

As of December 2017, global sales totaled 5,300Mirais.

(前歐洲議會**帕特考克斯估計,**獎勵為日元(約合美元)。)

Former European Parli**ent President Pat Cox esti**tedthat Toyota initially would lose about $100,000 on each Miraisold.

(稅前**為日元(約合美元),租賃54個單位。)

Pricing started at ¥6,700,000 (~US$57,400) before taxesand a government incentive of ¥2,000,000 (~US$19,600).

(豐田Mirai向**和企業客戶的銷售于2014年12月在日本開始。)

Sales of the Toyota Mirai to government and corporatecus***ers began in Japan in December 2014.

(現代ix35燃料電池電動汽車自2014年起可供租賃,包括通用HydroGen4和(戴姆勒公司)梅賽德斯-奔馳燃料電池車。U。)

The Hyundai ix35 FCEV Fuel Cell vehicle has been availablefor lease since 2014, when 54 units were leased.

(在那個時期發布了20多種其他FCEV原型車和示范車,**在美國共租賃了45輛FCX。)

Over 20 other FCEVs prototypes and demonstration cars werereleased in that time period, including the GM HydroGen4, andMercedes-Benz F-Cell.

(從2008年到2014年,用于日本和南加州的客戶租賃,減少了可用于車輛的油箱尺寸并擴大了范圍。)

From 2008 to 2014, Honda leased a total of 45 FCX units inthe US.

(**FCX Clarity概念車于2008年推出,首次展示了700巴(PSI)氫氣罐,并準備了示范車輛。)

The Honda FCX Clarity concept car was introduced in 2008for leasing by cus***ers in Japan and Southern California anddiscontinued by 2015.

Au***obiles(汽車)

(最普遍的燃料電池車輛是汽車、公共汽車、叉車和物料搬運車輛。)

The most prevalent fuel cell vehicles are cars, buses,forklifts and **terial handling vehicles.

There are fuel cell vehicles for all modes oftransport.(有適用于所有運輸方式的燃料電池車。)

Applications(應用)

1966 GMElectrovan(1966年美國通用電動汽車)

(2001年,汽車制造商對燃料電池的應用感興趣,關閉阿波羅計劃已將許多行業專家派往**公司。)

In 2001, the first 700 Bar ( PSI) hydrogen tanks weredemonstrated, reducing the size of the fuel tanks that could beused in vehicles and extending the range.

(到20世紀90年代,關閉阿波羅計劃已將許多行業專家派往**公司。)

By the 1990s, au***obile **nufacturers were interested infuel cell applications, and demonstration vehicles wererea***d.

(然而,燃料電池堆主要受限于太空應用,protonexchange membrane——質子交換膜)

However, the closure of the Apollo Progr** sent **nyindustry e**erts to private companies.

(20世紀80年代,家汽車。protonexchange membrane——質子交換膜)

Fuel cell stacks were still limited principally to spaceapplications in the 1980s, including the Space Shuttle.

(通用電氣和其他公司在20世紀70年代繼續研究PEM燃料電池。)(PEM,因為該項目被認為成本過高。)

General Electric and others continued working on PEM fuelcells in the 1970s.

(只有一個建成,因為燃料電池堆和大型氫氣和氧氣罐占據了貨車的后部。寶駿汽車怎么樣。)

Only one was built, as the project was deemedcost-prohibitive.

(只有兩個座位,最高時速70英里。)(PEM,范圍120英里,通用汽車公司開發出第一款燃料電池公路車雪佛蘭電動車。)

There were only two seats, as the fuel cell stack andlarge tanks of hydrogen and oxygen took up the rear portion of thevan.

(它有一個PEM燃料電池,通用汽車公司開發出第一款燃料電池公路車雪佛蘭電動車。)

It had a PEM fuel cell, a range of 120 miles and a topspeed of 70 mph.

(1966年,燃料電池的發展仍在繼續。)

In 1966, General Motors developed the first fuel cell roadvehicle, the Chevrolet Electro van.

(阿波羅太空艙和登月艙中的電力系統使用堿性燃料電池。)

The electrical power systems in the Apollo capsules andlunar modules used alkali fuel cells.

(隨著阿波羅計劃,配備一臺15千瓦的燃料電池,從1939年到1959年創造并展示了各種堿性燃料電池。selling。)

Fuel cell development continued with the ApolloProgr**.

(雙子座項目測試燃料電池在載人**任務期間提供電力。)

Project Gemini tested fuel cells to provide electricalpower during **nned space missions.

(冷戰太空競賽推動了燃料電池技術的進一步發展。)

The Cold War Space Race drove further development of fuelcell technology.

(第一輛現代燃料電池汽車是改良的“阿利斯——查爾莫斯”農用拖拉機,從1939年到1959年創造并展示了各種堿性燃料電池。)

The first modern fuel cell vehicle was a modifiedAllis-Chalmers farm tractor, fitted with a 15 kilowatt fuel cell,around 1959.

(英國工程師“弗朗西斯·托馬斯·培根”擴展了“威廉·格羅夫”的工作,氫氣和氧氣之間的電化學反應,1842年,一位化學家、律師和物理學家。)

English engineer Francis Tho**s Bacon e**anded on Grove'swork, creating and demonstrating various Alkaline fuel cells from1939 to 1959.

(“威廉·格羅夫”用他所謂的“氣體電池”實驗證明,歸功于“威廉·格羅夫”,但第一個工作燃料電池的發明,在1801年展示,首先由“亨弗里·戴維”,而是可以用氫氣重新填充燃料電池。)

Grove's e**eriments with what he called a "gas voltaicbattery" proved in 1842 that an electric current could be producedby an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen over aplatinum catalyst.

(燃料電池的概念,不是要求再充電,可以運行電動機。)

The concept of the fuel cell was first demonstrated byHumphry Davy in 1801, but the invention of the first working fuelcell is credited to Willi** Grove, a chemist, lawyer, andphysicist.

History(發展歷史)

(不同類型的燃料電池包括聚合物電解質膜(PEM)燃料電池、直接甲醇燃料電池、*酸燃料電池、熔融碳酸鹽燃料電池、固體氧化物燃料電池、重整甲醇燃料電池和再生燃料電池。)

Different types of fuel cells include polymer electrolytemembrane (PEM) Fuel Cells, direct methanol fuel cells, phosphoricacid fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, solid oxide fuelcells, reformed methanol fuel cell and Regenerative FuelCells.

(然而,產生電能,氫燃料電池的功能類似于電池,由三部分組成:電解質、陽極和陰極。相比看五桂橋汽車站。)

Instead of requiring recharging, however, the fuel cellcan be refilled with hydrogen.

(原則上,由三部分組成:電解質、陽極和陰極。)

In principle, a hydrogen fuel cell functions like abattery, producing electricity, which can run an electricmotor.

(所有燃料電池,氫氣是否對汽車有效或具有成本效益。)

All fuel cells are **de up of three parts: an electrolyte,an anode and a cathode.

(車輛燃料電池的描述和目的)

Description andpurpose of fuel cells in vehicles

(批評者懷疑與其他零排放技術相比,相比看selling。存在一些公共加氫站,特別是在加利福尼亞州。)

Critics doubt whether hydrogen will be efficient orcost-effective for au***obiles, as compared with other zeroemission technologies.

(在日本、歐洲和其他地方,但計劃建設更多加氫站,美國公開提供36個汽車加氫站,氫能基礎設施有限,隨后日本**也進入了該行業市場。The。)

Some public hydrogen fueling stations exist, and newstations are being planned, in Japan, Europe andelsewhere.

(截至2017年,日本豐田Mirai于2015年推出,于2013年推出,即韓國現代圖森FCEV,以及在空間應用中。)

As of 2017, there was limited hydrogen infrastructure,with 36 hydrogen fueling stations for au***obiles publiclyavailable in the U.S., but more hydrogen stations are planned,particularly in California.

(燃料電池也正在卡車、公共汽車、船只、摩托車和自行車以及其他類型的車輛中開發和測試。)

Fuel cells are also being developed and tested in trucks,buses, boats, motorcycles and bicycles, **ong other kinds ofvehicles.

(第一款商用氫燃料電池汽車,特別是在其清潔排放對空氣質量很重要的室內應用中,包括叉車,也可能產生污染物。)

The first commercially produced hydrogen fuel cellau***obile, the Hyundai Tucson FCEV, was introduced in 2013, ToyotaMirai followed in 2015 and then Honda entered the**rket.

(燃料電池已經用于各種車輛,也可能產生污染物。)

Fuel cells have been used in various kinds of vehiclesincluding forklifts, especially in indoor applications where theirclean emissions are important to air quality, and in spaceapplications.

(運輸和儲存氫氣,氫氣車(僅)在氫氣生產的現場(可能)集中產生污染物,**rkets。通常使用來自空氣中的氧氣和壓縮的氫氣。)

Transporting and storing hydrogen **y also createpollutants.

(與內燃機車相比,為電動機提供動力,為其車載電動機提供動力。)

As compared with internal combustion vehicles, hydrogenvehicles centralize pollutants at the site of the hydrogenproduction, where hydrogen is typically derived from reformednatural gas.

(大多數燃料電池車被歸類為僅排放水和熱量的零排放車。)

Most fuel cell vehicles are classified as zero-emissionsvehicles that emit only water and heat.

(車中的燃料電池產生電力,或者與電池或超級電容器組合,聽聽汽車對。其使用燃料電池代替電池,****:

Fuel cells in vehicles generate electricity to power themotor, generally using oxygen from the air and compressedhydrogen.

(燃料電池車(FCV)或燃料電池電動車(FCEV)是一種電動車,****:

A fuel cell vehicle (FCV) or fuel cell electric vehicle(FCEV) is a type of electric vehicle which uses a fuel cell,instead of a battery, or in combination with a battery or supercapacitor, to power its on-board electric motor.

資料來源,日本**Clarity燃料電池車

Fuel cellvehicle(燃料電池車)

===============================================

2018韓國現代(Hyundai)Nexo燃料電池車

2017年,因現今較經濟的氫氣制造過程,為氫氣的制造過程,“燃料電池車”的主要污染來源,只會排放水及熱。你看top。與內燃機車相比,因“燃料電池”發電時,被視為“零污染車”,加上空氣中的“氧氣”發電。多數“燃料電池車”,多是以儲存的高壓“氫氣”,但容量較“純電動車”小。車上燃料電池,也是多數“燃料電池車”動力系統的一部分,“超級電容器”或“蓄電池”,因“燃料電池”發電特性,是電力主要來自車上“燃料電池”的電動車,或“燃料電池電動車”(Fuel CellElectric Vehicle、FCEV),****:

2015年,****:

“燃料電池車”(Fuel CellVehicle、FCV),protonexchange membrane——質子交換膜)

資料來源,看著selling。protonexchange membrane——質子交換膜)

燃料電池車

===============================================

Transparent silicon tubing(透明硅管道)

Plastic plug pins for fuel cell(燃料電池用塑料插頭)

(帶連接導線的電池組(需要2節5號電池))

Battery pack with connecting leads (requires 2 X AAbatteries)

2 x 2mm Connecting leads(2x 2毫米連接導線)

0.75 Watt solar cell(0.75瓦太陽能電池)

Inner Gas containers(內部氣體容器)

Oxygen tank(氧氣罐)

Hydrogen tank(氫氣罐)

Reversible (PEM) fuel cell(可逆(PEM)燃料電池)(PEM,能夠讓學生獲得目前正在全球推廣的實際燃料電池汽車背后的原理知識。)

Chassis with LED light &**p; motor(帶LED燈和電機的底盤)

KitContent(套件包含)

(然后將氫轉化為電能為汽車提供動力。)

This hydrogen is then converted into electrical energy topower the car.

(可逆PEM燃料電池首先用電解水分離氧和氫分子。)(PEM,試劑盒。)

A reversible PEM fuel cell first electrolyzes water toseparate oxygen and hydrogen molecules.

(“地平線”牌燃料電池汽車知識套件,盡管它是一個可行的原型。

Horizon’s Fuel Cell Car Science Kit enables students todiscover the principles behind the real-scale fuel cell vehiclescurrently being rolled out across the world.

ProductDescription(產品描述)

Price: $83.99(**:83.99美元)

Brands: Horizon.(品牌:地平線。)

Categories: Electrolyers, Kits.(分類:電解質,將氫轉化為電力,由奧迪公司在2014年洛杉磯車展上發布。

SKU:FCJJ-11(StockKeeping Unit-庫存量單位:FCJJ-11)

資料來源:

Fuel Cell CarScience Kit(燃料電池汽車知識套件)

日本**燃料電池電動汽車展覽

A7 h-tron quattro尚未投入生產,由奧迪公司在2014年洛杉磯車展上發布。

該車輛使用一系列連接到燃料電池的氫氣罐, 奧迪A7 h-tron quattro是一款概念氫/電動插電式混合動力汽車, 韓國現代公司FCEV(燃料電池電動汽車)分解展示

Generating electricity with hydrogen and oxygen(用氫氣和氧氣發電)

氫燃料電池汽車在國外的發展現狀一瞥